Questions 1. Study the given world map, on which six different countries were marked with 1,2,3,4,5,6. Identify these countries by their names and classify them as first, second, third countries in the world. Answer: Nixon and Brezhnev seemed unlikely candidates for American and Soviet statesmen who would sign a revolutionary arms control treaty. Both men had a reputation for being fierce Cold War fighters. But in 1972, the two leaders were eager to strengthen diplomatic relations between their respective nations. The Soviet Union was engaged in an increasingly hostile war of words with Communist China; Border disputes between the two countries had erupted in recent years. The United States sought help to free itself from the unpopular and costly war in Vietnam. Nixon, in particular, wanted to distract the American public from the fact that he had failed to end the conflict in nearly four years as president.
The summit between Nixon and Brezhnev in May 1972 was an opportune time to pursue the closer relations they wanted. In many ways, the 1963 TSLT set the model for how arms control should unfold during the Cold War. This was undoubtedly an important step. It showed that we and the Soviets, despite our greater political hostility, can find common ground on nuclear issues. But it has done nothing to curb the growing number of nuclear weapons on both sides. Even less has it done anything to slow down or restrict nuclear testing. The tests are simply passed underground. Fifty-four percent of all U.S. tests between 1945 and 1980 took place after 1963, and today the goal of eliminating all nuclear tests remains unrealized and controversial. 4. « India`s policy of non-alignment has been criticized on a number of points. » Explain.
Answer: A non-aligned position also served India`s interests very directly, and India intervened in world affairs to mitigate Cold War rivalries by narrowing the differences between alliances and degenerating into a full-scale war. Although India`s policy of non-alignment has been criticized on a number of points: 1. India`s non-alignment has been described as « unprincipled » in the name of persuasion in the national interest. 2. India has often refused to take a firm stance on crucial international issues. ! 3. At times, India took contradictory positions after criticizing others for joining alliances, India signed the friendship treaty with the USSR for 29 years in August 19714. During the crisis in Bangladesh, India also developed good relations with the United States in the name of diplomatic and military support. In 1961, Kennedy created an arms control and disarmament agency within the U.S. State Department, and the new organization resumed talks with the Soviet Union.
This year, however, neither side was willing to make major concessions. As long as it remained difficult to verify that the other party was not conducting clandestine tests, there was little incentive to reach an agreement. 1. Which of the following claims about the Cold War is false? (a) It was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. b) It was an ideological war between the superpowers. (c) it has triggered an arms race. (d) The United States and the USSR fought direct wars. Answer: d) The United States and the USSR were involved in direct wars. 7. How did the deterrent relationship prevent a war between two superpowers? Answer: 1. Even if one of them tries to attack and deactivate the nuclear weapons of its rivals, the other would still have enough nuclear weapons to cause unacceptable destruction.
2. Both sides are capable of retaliating against an attack and causing so much destruction that neither side can afford to start a war. 3. Both superpowers were expected to behave more rationally and responsibly, in that they understood the risks of waging wars that could cause mass destruction. 6. What do we mean by this; old war? Answer: The Cold War is a state of extreme unfriendly between two superpowers, especially with an opposing political system that is not expressed through struggles, but through political pressures and threats. Questions 1. Why did the Soviet Union fear that America would invade Cuba? 2. What did Nikita Khrushchev do in response to America`s actions? 3. Why were the two superpowers reluctant to start a nuclear war? Answer: 1.
The Soviet Union was concerned about America`s invasion of Cuba, which the American world overthrew Cuban President Fidel Castro to take power in Cuba. 2. They were reluctant to do anything that could lead to a full-scale war between the two countries. 3. Both superpowers hesitated because they both knew that there could only be massive destruction and would not justify any gain for them. 3. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions: The Western alliance was formalized into one organization, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which was founded in April 1949. It was a coalition of twelve states that declared that an armed attack on one of them would be considered an attack on each of them. Each of these statutes would be obliged to help each other. The Eastern Alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact, was led by the Soviet Union, founded in 1955, and its main function was to counter NATO forces in Europe.
2. Name the two superpowers responsible for the Cold War. When did the world become unipolar? Maria Zakharova: The United States and the USSR were responsible for the Cold War. The world became unipolar in 1991 after the collapse of the USSR. When I talk about arms control during the Cold War, I will focus on the aspect of strategic arms control between the United States and the Soviet Union. Of course, this is by no means the big picture; it omits, inter alia, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. But it was the strategic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union that occupied our attention most of the time. Over the next year, however, the situation changed dramatically for several reasons. Concerns about the proliferation of nuclear weapons increased interest in banning tests, as France detonated its first weapon in 1960 and the People`s Republic of China appeared poised to successfully build its own atomic bomb. However, it was the rapid escalation of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962 that forced the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union to more aggressively seek a deal that could help them avoid the devastating destruction that a nuclear war would bring. Although the crisis gave impetus to an agreement, its final negotiation was made possible by the decision to abandon the original idea of a comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty and instead work towards a more limited settlement. Atmospheric and underground testing proved equally effective for scientific purposes, so there was no reason to insist that access to both types of testing continue to be available.
In previous negotiations, the inability to detect underground explosions and to agree on inspection provisions to ensure that such explosions do not occur has become an issue that has prevented an agreement. After the Soviet Union and the United States decided that underground testing would not be included in this first treaty, both sides very quickly arrived at conditions on which they could agree. Although Ronald Reagan strongly attacked the SALT II agreement during his presidential campaign in 1980 and was never to ratify it, his administration respected the limits of the treaty by mutual agreement with the Soviets until 1986.6 Why did the superpowers have military alliances with smaller countries? Give three reasons. Answer: The superpowers had military alliances with smaller states that were useful to them in gaining access to the following resources such as oil and minerals: 1. Vital resources such as oil and minerals. 2. Territory from which the superpowers could fire their weapons and troops. 3. Places from which they could spy on each other. 4.
Economic support to pay for their military expenses. The SALT-I agreement, signed in 1972 under the Nixon administration, actually contained two agreements: the ABM Treaty and the « Interim Agreement. » Under the ABM Treaty, with the exception of two ABM sites authorized on each side, the United States and the USSR abandoned the idea of establishing a national defense against nuclear attacks. From this concern arose the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), which resulted in two agreements, SALT I and SALT II. Limitation was the key word, because at that time, we really didn`t think we wanted to agree on cuts. Our goal was to slow down the pace of the climb and finally stop it. all agreements are listed in the NCERT Class 12 book. But something funny happened. In the early 1990s, the USSR ceased to exist, the Cold War was over, and we suddenly stopped caring a lot about these things.
We were no longer worried about the Soviet strategic threat; the urgency was no longer there. START I was ratified only three years after its signature in 1994; START II has never been ratified. Genuine arms control, it seems, became possible only when it was no longer necessary. But it would be wrong to claim, as some have done, that these treaties were useless or superfluous because the Soviets would have lost weight on their own, or to underestimate their importance because the Cold War was over. The treaties provided a useful framework for the ongoing transformations and an indispensable tool for dealing with the end of the Cold War and the decline of Soviet power. They have defined the reductions, as well as the transparency and verification mechanisms, and they are still very important. While Reagan`s insistence that arms control must lead to real cuts was not unreasonable, his fantastic vision of an anti-missile shield that would render nuclear weapons obsolete, the so-called Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was cleverly manipulated by arms control opponents in his administration into a permanent blocking agent of any arms control treaty. .
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