(3) improving curricula and skills in tourism education and formulating competence standards and certification procedures, with a view to eventually achieving mutual recognition of skills and qualifications in the ASEAN region; REAFFIRMING our commitment to the rules and principles of the General Agreement on Trade in Services and our policy of applying them to the tourism and travel industry (7), creating favourable conditions for the public and private sectors, becoming more involved in tourism development, travelling within ASEAN and investing in tourism services and facilities. (4) promote the use of smart cards for business and frequent travellers from ASEAN and, where appropriate, for cross-border travel, on the basis of bilateral agreements between Member States that are willing to do so; (5) Cooperation with other countries, groups of countries and international institutions in the development of human resources for tourism. (4) the creation of an integrated network of tourism and travel services in order to maximize the complementarity of the region`s tourist attractions; To track the progress of the ACS, a compliance tool called AEC Scorecard has been developed based on the EU Single Market Scoreboard. [83] It is the only effective one[84] and aims to serve as an impartial assessment tool to measure the extent of integration and the economic health of the Region. It should provide relevant information on regional priorities and thus promote productive, inclusive and sustainable growth. [85] It monitors the implementation of the ASEAN agreements and the achievement of milestones set out in the ACS Strategic Agenda. The Scoreboard describes the specific measures that need to be implemented collectively and individually in order to establish the ECA by 2015. [85] So far, two official scoreboards have been published, one in 2010[86] and the other in 2012. [87] [83] However, the Scoreboard is purely quantitative in nature, as it only checks whether or not a Member State has fulfilled the tasks of the ACS. The more « yes » answers, the higher the score.
[84] (11) Promote public-private partnerships in the field of tourism marketing and promotion in cooperation with international and regional tourism organisations and other relevant bodies. With a view to a common currency, ASEAN Heads of State and Government agreed in November 1999 to establish cross-currency swaps and repurchase agreements as a line of credit against future financial shocks. In May 2000, ASEAN finance ministers agreed to plan closer cooperation within the framework of the Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI). [95] The CMI consists of two components, an ASEAN Extended Swap Agreement (ASA) and a network of bilateral swap agreements between ASEAN plus three. The SAA preceded the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and was originally created by the monetary authorities of the five founding Member States to deal with temporary liquidity problems. The SAA now includes all ten member states with an extended facility of $1 billion. In recognition of East Asia`s economic interconnection, which has foreign exchange reserves of about $1 trillion, a network of bilateral swap and reverse repurchase agreements between ASEAN Plus Three has been concluded. The Additional Facility aims to provide temporary financing to Member States experiencing balance of payments difficulties. In 2009, 16 bilateral swap agreements (BSAs) were concluded for a total amount of approximately USD 35.5 billion. [96] The CMI was signed on December 9, 2009 and entered into force on March 20, 2014, while the amended version, the Multilateralization of the CMI (CMIM), took place on July 17, 2014. The CMIM is a multilateral currency swap agreement governed by a single contractual arrangement. In addition, an independent regional monitoring unit called the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office (AMRO) has been established to monitor and analyze economies and support CMIM`s decision-making process.
[96] The amendments would allow ASEAN Plus Three and Hong Kong to access an expanded package of CMIM measures that includes, among other things, doubling the volume of funds from USD 120 billion to USD 240 billion, increasing non-IMF programme access from 20% to 30%, and establishing a crisis prevention mechanism. These changes are expected to strengthen cmIM as the region`s financial safety net in the event of potential or actual liquidity difficulties. [97] At the turn of the 21st century, ASEAN began discussing environmental agreements. This included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 with the aim of controlling haze pollution in Southeast Asia, arguably the region`s most important environmental problem. [169] Unfortunately, this was not successful due to haze outbreaks in 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013 and 2015. In 2015, thirteen years after the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, the situation regarding the long-term problem of Southeast Asian haze has not changed for 50% of ASEAN member states and remains a crisis every two years in summer and autumn. [170] [171] [172] In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) regime was adopted as a timetable for the phasing out of tariffs in order to increase « the region`s competitive advantage as a base for world-oriented production. » The law would serve as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which is an agreement between member states on local production in ASEAN. This is higher than the APEC average growth of 2.8%. [105] Established on January 28, 1992, the ASEAN Free Trade Area (FTA)[106] includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to promote the free movement of goods between member states. [104] ASEAN had only six members at the time of its signature. The new member states (Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia) have not fully complied with the LFTA commitments, but are officially considered part of the agreement as they had to sign it when they joined ASEAN and were granted longer deadlines to meet ALETA`s tariff reduction commitments.
[107] The next steps are the creation of a single market and production base, a competitive economic region, a region with equitable economic development and a region fully integrated into the global economy. .
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